Knowledge Center

Brookings Institution. 2018. A Review of Large-Scale Youth Financial Literacy Education Policies and Programs. Washington, D.C.

Brookings Institution. 2018. Recommendations for Improving Youth Financial Literacy Education. Washington, D.C.

Champlain College. National Report Card on State Efforts to Improve Financial Literacy in High Schools. Burlington, VT.
2013, 2015, 2017

Champlain College. 2016. National Report Card on Adult Financial Literacy: Is Your State Making the Grade? Burlington, VT.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Financial Literacy Annual Report. Washington, D.C.
2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. 2015. Financial Well-Being: The Goal of Financial Education. Washington, D.C.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. 2014. Rigorous Evaluation of Financial Capability Strategies: Why, When and How. Washington, D.C.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. 2013. Feedback from the Financial Education Field. Washington, D.C. 

Council for Economic Education. Survey of the States: The State of K-12 Economic and Financial Education in the U.S. New York, NY. 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2022

Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. 2015. Promoting Pathways to Financial Stability- A Resource Handbook on Building Financial Capabilities of Community College Students. Boston, MA.

Financial Literacy and Education Commission. 2015. Opportunities to Improve the Financial Capability and Financial Well-Being of Postsecondary Students. Washington, D.C.

Financial Literacy and Education Commission. 2015. Strategy for Assuring Financial Empowerment (SAFE) Report. Washington, D.C.

Financial Literacy and Education Commission. 2011. Promoting Financial Success in the United States: National Strategy for Financial Literacy. Washington, D.C.

Financial Literacy and Education Commission. 2010. Why and How: Background Report Developing the 2011 National Strategy. Washington, D.C.

FINRA Investor Education Foundation. 2021. Financial Capability in the U.S. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2022. How financial literacy varies among U.S. adults: The 2022 TIAA Institute-GFLEC Personal Finance Index. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2021. Financial literacy and well-being in a five generation America: The 2021 TIAA Institute-GFLEC Personal Finance Index. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2021. Financial Resilience in America. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2021. Financial Anxiety and Stress among U.S. Households: New Evidence from the National Financial Capability Study and Focus Groups. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2021. Financial Well-Being and Literacy in the Midst of a Pandemic: The 2021 TIAA Institute-GFLEC Personal Finance Index. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2021. Black and Hispanic Women’s Financial Well-Being. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2019. Financial Literacy and Economic Outcomes Evidence and Policy Implications. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2019. Raising Awareness of the Importance of Personal Finance in School: New Insights. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2019. Financial Literacy in the United States and Its Link to Financial Wellness. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2018. The 2018 TIAA Institute-GFLEC Personal Finance Index: The State of Financial Literacy Among U.S. Adults. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2017. Financial Education, Financial Competence, and Consumer Welfare. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2015. Raising Awareness of the Importance of Personal Finance in School. Washington, D.C.

Government Accountability Office. 2015. Report 15-639SP Financial Literacy: the Role of the Workplace. Washington, D.C.

Government Accountability Office. 2014. Report 14-556T Financial Literacy: Overview of Federal Activities, Programs, and Challenges. Washington, D.C.

Government Accountability Office. 2011. Report 11-614 Financial Literacy: A Federal Certification Process for Providers Would Pose Challenges. Washington, D.C.

Milken Institute. 2021. Financial Literacy in the United States. New York, NY.

National Foundation for Credit Counseling. Consumer Financial Literacy Survey. Washington, D.C.
2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020

OECD, 2020. OECD/INFE, 2020 International Survey of Adult Financial Literacy.

OECD. 2018. OECD/INFE Toolkit for Measuring Financial Literacy and Financial Inclusion.

OECD. 2017. G20/OECD INFE Report on Adult Financial Literacy in G20 Countries.

OECD. 2015. National Strategies for Financial Education- OECD/INFE Policy Handbook.

OECD. 2013. Measuring Financial Literacy: Results of the OECD International Network on Financial Education (INFE) Pilot Study.

OECD. 2012. Empowering Women Through Financial Awareness and Education.

OECD/INFE. 2020. International Survey of Adult Financial Literacy.

Standards & Poor’s Rating Services. 2015. Financial Literacy Around the World. New York, NY.

Urban Institute. 2014. Do Financial Knowledge, Behavior, and Well Being Differ by Gender? Washington, D.C.

U.S. Financial Literacy and Education Commission. 2020. U.S. National Strategy for Financial Literacy. Washington DC.

U.S. Financial Literacy and Education Commission. 2019. Best Practices for Financial Literacy and Education at Institutions of Higher Education. Washington, D.C.

AARP. 2022. Student Loan Debt Is an Unheralded Burden for Older Borrowers. Washington, D.C.

McKinsey & Company. 2020. The Rising Toll of Student Debt: More than Graduates Can Sustain? New York, NY.

American Student Assistance. 2017. Retirement Delayed: The Impact of Student Debt on the Daily Lives of Older Americans. Boston, MA.

American Student Assistance. 2015. Life Delayed: The Impact of Student Debt on the Daily Lives of Young Americans. Boston, MA.

American Student Assistance. 2013. Life Delayed: The Impact of Student Debt on the Daily Lives of Young Americans. Boston, MA.

National Association of Realtors and American Student Assistance. 2017. Student Loan Debt and Housing Report 2017: When Debt Holds You Back. Boston, MA.

VantageScore. 2012. Assume the Role of Managing Your Credit Prudently and Watch Your Credit Score Improve. Stamford, CT.

Boston College, Center for Retirement Research. 2020. Financial Security at Older Ages. 20-19. Chestnut Hill, MA.

Boston College, Center for Retirement Research. 2020. How Accurate are Retirees' Assessments of Their Retirement Risk? 20-14. Chestnut Hill, MA.

Boston College, Center for Retirement Research. 2019. Women, Marriage, and the National Retirement Risk Index. 19-10. Chestnut Hill, MA.

Boston College, Center for Retirement Research. 2019. Why Are So Many Households Unable to Cover a $400 Unexpected Expense? 19-11. Chestnut Hill, MA.

Boston College, Center for Retirement Research. 2017. Do Households Have a Good Sense of Their Retirement Preparedness? 17-4. Chestnut Hill, MA.

Boston College, Center for Retirement Research. 2017. Who Contributes to Individual Retirement Accounts? 17-8. Chestnut Hill, MA.

Boston College, Center for Retirement Research. 2015. Dog Bites Man: Americans Are Shortsighted About Their Finances. 15-3. Chestnut Hill, MA.

Brookings Institution. 2019. How Will Retirement Change by 2050? Washington, D.C. 

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2019. Debt Close to Retirement and its Implications for Retirement Well-Being. Washington, D.C.

Government Accountability Office. 2015. Report 15-419 Retirement Security: Most Households Approaching Retirement Have Low Savings. Washington, D.C.

National Institute on Retirement Security. 2021. Retirement Insecurity 2021. Washington D.C.

National Institute on Retirement Security. 2020.  Still Shortchanged: An Update on Women’s Retirement Preparedness.  Washington, D.C.

National Institute on Retirement Security. 2020. Examining the Nest Egg: The Sources of Retirement Income for Older Americans. Washington, D.C.

National Institute on Retirement Security. 2019. Retirement Insecurity 2019: Americans’ Views of the Retirement Crisis. Washington, D.C.

National Institute on Retirement Security. 2018. Retirement in America: Out of Reach for Most Americans? Washington, D.C.

National Institute on Retirement Security. 2017. Retirement Security 2017: Americans’ Views of the Retirement Crisis. Washington, D.C.

National Institute on Retirement Security. 2015. The Continuing Retirement Savings Crisis. Washington, D.C.

National Institute on Retirement Security. 2013. Race and Retirement Insecurity in the United States. Washington, D.C.

National Institute on Retirement Security. 2013. The Retirement Savings Crisis. Washington, D.C.

Pew Charitable Trusts. 2017. Financial Shocks Put Retirement Security at Risk. Philadelphia, PA.

Pew Charitable Trusts. 2016. The Role of Emergency Savings in Family Financial Security: Barriers to Saving and Policy Opportunities. Philadelphia, PA.

Pew Charitable Trusts. 2016. The Role of Emergency Savings in Family Financial Security: What Resources Do Families Have for Financial Emergencies? Philadelphia, PA.

Pew Charitable Trusts. 2015. The Role of Emergency Savings in Family Financial Security: How Do Families Cope with Financial Shocks? Philadelphia, PA.

Pew Charitable Trusts. 2015. What Resources Do Families Have for Financial Emergencies? Philadelphia, PA.

TDAmeritrade. 2019. The Retirement Pulse Survey. Omaha, Nebraska.

Bank of America. 2021. Gen Z’s Financial Priorities, Barriers & The Path. Charlotte, NC.

Boston College, Center for Retirement Research. 2018. Will Millennials Be Ready for Retirement? 18-2. Chestnut Hill, MA.

Boston College, Center for Retirement Research. 2017. Retirement Prospects for Millennials? What is the Early Prognosis? 17-17. Chestnut Hill, MA.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2019. Millennials’ Engagement with Online Financial Education Resources and Tools: New Survey Insights and Recommendations. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2018. Millennial Financial Literacy and Fin-Tech Use: Who Knows What in the Digital Era. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Center. 2017. Millennials and Financial Literacy: A Global Perspective. Washington, D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center and PwC. 2015. Millennials & Financial Literacy: The Struggle with Personal Finance. Washington, D.C.

National Institute on Retirement Security. 2021. Generational Views of Retirement in the U.S. Washington D.C.

National Institute on Retirement Security. 2021. The Growing Burden of Retirement. Washington D.C.

National Institute on Retirement Security. 2018. Millennials and Retirement: Already Falling Short. Washington, D.C.

Pew Charitable Trusts. 2021. How Employees Handle their Retirement Savings During Work Transitions. Philadelphia, PA.

TIAA Institute. 2021. Gen Z Has the Lowest Financial Literacy Levels. New York, NY. 

TIAA Institute. 2020. Millennials and Money: The State of Their Financial Management and How Workplaces Can Help Them.  New York, NY. 

TIAA Institute. 2020. Millennials and Money: Financial Preparedness and Money Management Practices Before COVID-19. New York, NY. 

TIAA Institute. 2018. Millennial Financial Literacy and Fin-Tech Use. New York, NY.

University of Kansas, Center on Assets, Education, and Inclusion. 2015. Building Millennials' Financial Health Via Financial Capability. Lawrence, KS.

CFED. 2015. Excluded from the Financial Mainstream: How the Economic Recovery is Bypassing Millions of Americans. Washington, D.C.

Charles Schwab Corporation. Modern Wealth Survey. Westlake, TX. 2017, 2018, 2019

Cities for Financial Empowerment Fund. 2017. An Evaluation of Financial Empowerment Centers Building People’s Financial Stability as a Public Service. New York.

Consumer Finance Protection Bureau. 2022. Financial Well-Being: The Goal of Financial Education. Washington, D.C.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. 2019. Financial Well-Being of Veterans. Washington, D.C.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. 2018. Pathways to Financial Well-Being: The Role of Financial Capability. Washington, D.C.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. 2017. Financial Well-Being in America. Washington, D.C.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. 2015. Measuring Financial Well-Being. Washington, D.C.

Federal Reserve Board. Report on Economic Well-Being in U.S. Households. Washington D.C.
2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020

Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and CFED. 2015. What It’s Worth. San Francisco, CA.

FINRA Investor Education Foundation. 2021. Promoting Financial Wellness Solutions in the Workplace. Washington, D.C.

FINRA Investor Education Foundation. 2020. The Stability and Predictive Power of Financial Literacy. Washington D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2021. Financial Anxiety and Stress among U.S. Households. Washington D.C.

George Washington University, Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center. 2020. Women Unprepared for Pandemic’s Financial Impact. Washington D.C.

Government Accountability Office. 2015. Report 15-639SP Financial Literacy: The Role of Workplace. Washington, D.C.

Price Waterhouse Cooper, 2022. PWC Employee Financial Wellness Survey. New York, NY.

Prosperity Now. 2019. Vulnerability in the Face of Economic Uncertainty. Washington, D.C.

Prudential Financial. 2017. The Power of the Wellness Effect. Newark, NJ.

National Foundation for Credit Counseling. 2014. A Survey about Financial Literacy Among the U.S. Military. Washington, D.C.

Urban Institute. 2017. Past Due Medical Debt among Nonelderly Adults 2012-2015. Washington, D.C.

Agarwal, Sumit, Gene Amromin, Itzhak Ben-David, Souphala Chomsisengphet, and Douglas D. Evanoff. 2011. "Financial Counseling, Financial Literacy, and Household Decision-Making." In Financial Literacy: Implications for Retirement Security and the Financial Marketplace, edited by Olivia S. Mitchell and Annamaria Lusardi, 181-205. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Agarwal, Sumit, John C. Driscoll, Xavier Gabaix, and David Laibson. 2009. "The Age of Reason: Financial Decisions over the Life Cycle and Implications for Regulation." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Fall: 51-101.

Agarwal, Sumit, Paige M. Skiba, and Jeremy Tobacman. 2009. "Payday Loans and Credit Cards: New Liquidity and Credit Scoring Puzzles?" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 14659.

Agnew, Julie R., Hazel Bateman, and Susan Thorp. 2013. "Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning in Australia." Numeracy 6 (2).

Agnew, Julie R. and Lisa Szykman. 2011. "Annuities, Financial Literacy, and Information Overload." In Financial Literacy: Implications for Retirement Security and the Financial Marketplace, edited by Olivia S. Mitchell and Annamaria Lusardi, 158-80. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Agnew, Julie R., Lisa Szykman, Stephen P. Utkus, and Jean A. Young. 2007. "Literacy, Trust, and 40l(k) Savings Behavior." Boston College Center for Retirement Research Working Paper 2007-10.

Aguiar, Mark and Erik Hurst. 2005. "Consumption versus Expenditure." Journal of Political Economy 113 (5): 919-48.

Aguiar, Mark and Erik Hurst. 2007. "Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time over Five Decades." Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 (3): 969-1006.

Alessie, Rob, Maarten van Rooij, and Annamaria Lusardi. 2011. "Financial Literacy and Retirement Preparation in the Netherlands." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10 (4): 527-45.

Allgood, Sam and William Walstad. 2013. "Financial Literacy and Credit Card Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Analysis by Age." Numeracy 6 (2).

Almenberg, Johan and Anna Dreher. 2011. "Gender, Stock Market Participation and Financial Literacy." Stockholm School of Economics Economic Research Institute Working Paper 737.

Almenberg, Johan and Jenny Save-Soderergh. 2011. "Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning in Sweden." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10 (4): 585-98.

Ameriks, John, Andrew Caplin, and John Leahy. 2003. "Wealth Accumulation and the Propensity to Plan." Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (3): 1007-47.

Aren, Selim and Sibel Dinç Aydemir. 2014. “A Literature Review on Financial Literacy.” Journal of Financial Researches & Studies 6 (11): 33-49.

Arenas de Mesa, Alberto, David Bravo, Jere R. Behrman, Olivia S. Mitchell, and Petra E. Todd. 2008. "The Chilean Pension Reform Turns 25: Lessons from the Social Protection Survey." In Lessons from Pension Reform in the Americas, edited by Stephen J. Kay and Tapen Sinha, 23-58. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Arrondel, Luc, Majdi Debbich, and Frederique Savignac. 2012. "Stockholding and Financial Literacy in the French Population." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies 4 (2).

Arrondel, Luc, Majdi Debbich, and Frederique Savignac. 2013. "Financial Literacy and Financial Planning in France." Numeracy 6 (2).

Ashraf, Nava, Diego Aycinena, Claudia Martinez A., and Dean Yang. 2015. "Savings in Transnational Households: A Field Experiment among Migrants from El Salvador." Review of Economics and Statistics 97 (2): 332-351.

Atkinson, Adele and Flore-Anne Messy. 2011. "Assessing Financial Literacy in 12 Countries: An OECD/ INFE International Pilot Exercise." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10 (4): 657-65.

Atkinson, Adele and Flore-Anne Messy. 2012. "Measuring Financial Literacy: Results of the OECD/ International Network on Financial Education (INFE) Pilot Study." Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Working Paper on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions 15, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5k9csfs90fr4-en.

Attanasio, Orazio and Guglielmo Weber. 2010. "Consumption and Saving: Models of Intertemporal Allocation and Their Implications for Public Policy." Journal of Economic Literature 48 (3): 693-751.

Banks, James and Zoe Oldfield. 2007. "Understanding Pensions: Cognitive Function, Numerical Ability and Retirement Saving." Fiscal Studies 28 (2): 143-70.

Bayer, Patrick J., B. Douglas Bernheim, and John Karl Scholz. 2009. “The Effects Of Financial Education In The Workplace: Evidence From A Survey Of Employers.” Economic Inquiry 47 (4): 605-624.

Becker, Gary S. 1994. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, Third edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Beckmann, Elisabeth. 2013. "Financial Literacy and Household Savings in Romania." Numeracy 6 (2), Article 9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1936-4660.6.2.9 Available at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/numeracy/vol6/iss2/art9.

Behrman, Jere R., Olivia S. Mitchell, Cindy K. Soo, and David Bravo. 2012. "How Financial Literacy Affects Household Wealth Accumulation." American Economic Review 102 (3): 300-304.

Benitez-Silva, Hugo A., Berna Demiralp, and Zhen Liu. 2009. "Social Security Literacy and Retirement Well-Being." University of Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper 2009-210.

Ben-Porath, Yoram. 1967. "The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings." Journal of Political Economy 75 (4 Part 1): 352-65.

Bernanke, Ben S. 2011. "Statement of the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System at a hearing conducted by the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs." Washington, D.C.: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

Bernheim, B. Douglas. 1995. "Do Households Appreciate Their Financial Vulnerabilities? An Analysis of Actions, Perceptions, and Public Policy." In Tax Policy and Economic Growth, Washington, D.C.: American Council for Capital Formation, 1-30.

Bernheim, B. Douglas. 1998. "Financial Literacy, Education, and Retirement Saving." In Living with Defined Contribution Pensions: Remaking Responsibility for Retirement, edited by Olivia S. Mitchell and Sylvester J. Schieber, 38-68. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Bernheim, B. Douglas and Daniel M. Garrett. 2003. "The Effects of Financial Education in the Workplace: Evidence from a Survey of Households." Journal of Public Economics 87 (7-8): 1487-1519.

Bernheim, B. Douglas, Daniel M. Garrett, and Dean M. Maki. 2001. "Education and Saving: The Long­Term Effects of High School Financial Curriculum Mandates." Journal of Public Economics 80 (3): 435-65.

Bernheim, B. Douglas and John Karl Scholz. 1993. "Private Saving and Public Policy." In Tax Policy and the Economy, Volume 7, edited by James Poterba, 73-110. Cambridge and London: MIT Press.

Bertrand, Marianne and Adair Morse. 2011. "Information Disclosure, Cognitive Biases, and Payday Borrowing." Journal of Finance 66 (6): 1865-93.

Beshears, John, James J. Choi, David Laibson, and Brigitte C. Madrian. 2012. "Default Stickiness among Long-Income Individuals." RAND Working Paper WR-926-SSA.

Blanton, Kimberly. 2012. "The Rise of Financial Fraud." Center for Retirement Research Brief 12-5.

Bodie, Zvi, A Note on Economic Principles and Financial Literacy (April 2006). Networks Financial Institute Policy Brief No. 2006-PB-07. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=923561 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.923561

Brown, Jeffrey R., Arie Kapteyn, Erzo F. P. Luttmer, and Olivia S. Mitchell. 2017. "Cognitive Constraints on Valuing Annuities." Journal of the European Economic Association 15 (2): 429–462.

Brown, Jeffrey R., Arie Kapteyn, and Olivia S. Mitchell. 2016. "Framing and Claiming: How Information-Framing Affects Expected Social Security Claiming Behavior." Journal of Risk and Insurance 83 (1): 139-162.

Brown, Martin and Roman Graf. 2013. "Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning in Switzerland." Numeracy 6 (2).

Browning, Martin and Annamaria Lusardi. 1996. "Household Saving: Micro Theories and Micro Facts." Journal of Economic Literature 34 (4): 1797-1855.

Bruhn, Miriam, Luciana de Souza Leão, Arianna Legovini, Rogelio Marchetti, and Bilal Zia. 2016. "The Impact of High School Financial Education: Evidence from a Large-Scale Evaluation in Brazil." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 8 (4): 256-95.

Bucher-Koenen, Tabea and Annamaria Lusardi. 2011. "Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning in Germany." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10 (4): 565-84.

Bucher-Koenen, Tabea, Annamaria Lusardi, Rob Alessie, and Maarten van Rooij. 2017. “How Financially Literate are Women? An Overview and New Insights.”Journal of Consumer Affairs 2017 51 (2) 255-283.

Bucher-Koenen, Tabea and Michael Ziegelmeyer. 2011. "Who Lost the Most? Financial Literacy, Cognitive Abilities, and the Financial Crisis." Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging Working Paper 234.

Bumcrot, Christopher, Judy Lin, and Annamaria Lusardi. 2013. "The Geography of Financial Literacy." Numeracy 6 (2).

Bursztyn, Leonardo, Florian Ederer, Bruno Ferman, and Noam Yuchtman. 2012. "Understanding Peer Effects in Financial Decisions: Evidence from a Field Experiment." National Bureau of Economic Research Working Papers 18241.

Cagetti, Marco. 2003. 'Wealth Accumulation Over the Life Cycle and Precautionary Savings." Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 21 (3): 339-53.

Cai, Jing, Alain de Janvry, and Elisabeth Sadoulet. 2013. "Social Networks and the Decision to Insure." Munich Personal RePEc Archive OOWE 46861.

Calvet, Laurent E., John Y. Campbell, and Paolo Sodini. 2007. "Down or Out: Assessing the Welfare Costs of Household Investment Mistakes." Journal of Political Economy 115 (5): 707-47.

Calvet, Laurent E., John Y. Campbell, and Paolo Sodini. 2009. "Measuring the Financial Sophistication of Households." American Economic Review 99 (2): 393-98.

Campbell, John Y. 2006. "Household Finance." Journal of Finance 61 (4): 1553-1604.

Campbell, John Y., Howell E. Jackson, Brigitte C. Madrian, and Peter Tufano. 2011. "Consumer Financial Protection." Journal of Economic Perspectives 25 (1): 91-114.

Carpena, Fenelia, Shawn Cole, Jeremy Shapiro, and Bilal Zia. 2011. "Unpacking the Causal Chain of Financial Literacy." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5798.

Chai, Jingjing, Wolfram Horneff, Raimond Maurer, and Olivia S. Mitchell. 2011. "Optimal Portfolio Choice over the Life Cycle with Flexible Work, Endogenous Retirement, and Lifetime Payouts." Review of Finance 15 (4): 875-907.

Chan, Sewin and Ann Huff Stevens. 2008. "What You Don't Know Can't Help You: Pension Knowledge and Retirement Decision-Making." Review of Economics and Statistics 90 (2): 253-66.

Chen, Haiyang and Ronald P. Volpe. 1998. "An Analysis of Personal Financial Literacy among College Students." Financial Services Review 7 (2): 107-28.

Chen, Haiyang and Ronald P. Volpe. 2002. "Gender Differences in Personal Financial Literacy among College Students." Financial Services Review ll (3): 289-307.

Chiteji, Ngina S. and Frank P. Stafford. 1999. "Portfolio Choices of Parents and Their Children as Young Adults: Asset Accumulation by African-American Families." American Economic Review 89 (2): 377-80.

Choi, James J., David Laibson, and Brigitte C. Madrian. 2004. "Plan Design and 40l(k) Savings Outcomes." National Tax Journal 57 (2 Part 1): 275-98.

Choi, James J., David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian, and Andrew Metrick. 2006. "Saving for Retirement on the Path of Least Resistance." In Behavioral Public Finance, edited by Edward J. Mccaffery and Joel Slemrod, 304-51. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Christelis, Dimitris, Tullio Jappelli, and Mario Padula. 2010. "Cognitive Abilities and Portfolio Choice." European Economic Review 54 (1): 18-38.

Christiansen, Charlotte, Juanna Schroter Joensen, and Jesper Rangvid. 2008. "Are Economists More Likely to Hold Stocks?" Review of Finance 12 (3): 465-96.

Clark, Robert L. and Madeleine D'Ambrosia. 2008. "Adjusting Retirement Goals and Saving Behavior: The Role of Financial Education." In Overcoming the Saving Slump: How to Increase the Effectiveness of Financial Education and Saving Programs, edited by Annamaria Lusardi, 237-56. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Clark, Robert L, Annamaria Lusardi, and Olivia S. Mitchell.2017. “Employee Financial Literacy and Retirement Plan Behavior: A Case Study.” Economic Inquiry 55 (1), 248-259.

Clark, Robert L., Melinda Sandler Morrill, and Steven G. Allen. 2012a. "Effectiveness of Employer­Provided Financial Information: Hiring to Retiring." American Economic Review 102 (3): 314-18.

Clark, Robert L., Melinda Sandler Morrill, and Steven G. Allen. 2012b. "The Role of Financial Literacy in Determining Retirement Plans." Economic Inquiry 50 (4): 851-66.

Clark, Robert L., Rikiya Matsukura, and Naohiro Ogawa. 2013. "Low Fertility, Human Capital, and Economic Growth: The Importance of Financial Education and Job Retraining." Demographic Research 29: 865-84.

Cocco, Joao F., Francisco J. Gomes, and Pascal J. Maenhout. 2005. "Consumption and Portfolio Choice over the Life Cycle." Review of Financial Studies 18 (2): 491-533.

Cole, Shawn, Xavier Gine, Jeremy Tobacman, Petia Topalova, Robert Townsend, and James Vickery. 2013. "Barriers to Household Risk Management: Evidence from India." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5 (1): 104-35.

Cole, Shawn, Anna Paulson, and Gauri Kartini Shastry. 2014. "Smart Money? The Effect of Education on Financial Outcomes." Review of Financial Studies 27 (7): 2022–2051.

Cole, Shawn, Anna Paulson, and Gauri Kartini Shastry. 2016. "High School Curriculum and Financial Outcomes: The Impact of Mandated Personal Finance and Mathematics Courses.” The Journal of Human Resources 51 (3): 656-698.

Cole, Shawn, Thomas Sampson, and Bilal Zia. 2011. "Prices or Knowledge? What Drives Demand for Financial Services in Emerging Markets?" Journal of Finance 66 (6): 1933-67.

Collins, J. Michael. 2011. "Improving Financial Literacy: The Role of Nonprofit Providers." In Financial Literacy: Implications for Retirement Security and the Financial Marketplace, edited by Olivia S. Mitchell and Annamaria Lusardi, 268-87. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Collins, J. Michael and Collin M. O'Rourke. 2010. "Financial Education and Counseling-Still Holding Promise." Journal of Consumer Affairs 44 (3): 483-98.

Crossan, Diana. 2011. "How to Improve Financial Literacy: Some Successful Strategies." In Financial Literacy: Implications for Retirement Security and the Financial Marketplace, edited by Olivia S. Mitchell and Annamaria Lusardi, 241-54. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Crossan, Diana, David Feslier, and Roger Hurnard. 2011. "Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning in New Zealand." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10 (4): 619-35.

de Bassa Scheresberg, Carlo. 2013. "Financial Literacy and Financial Behavior among Young Adults: Evidence and Implications." Numeracy 6 (2).

Deevy, Martha, Shoshana Lucich, and Michaela Beals. 2012. "Scams, Schemes and Swindles: A Review of Consumer Financial Fraud Research." Stanford University Center on Longevity Financial Fraud Research Center.

DeHart William B., Jonathan E. Friedel, Jean M. Lown, and Amy L. Odum. 2016. “The Effects of Financial Education on Impulsive Decision Making.” PLOS ONE 11 (7): 1-16.

Delavande, Adeline, Susann Rohwedder, and Robert Willis. 2008. "Preparation for Retirement, Financial Literacy and Cognitive Resources." University of Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper 2008-190.

de Mel, Suresh, David McKenzie, and Christopher Woodruff. 2011. "Getting Credit to High Return Microentrepreneurs: The Results of an Information Intervention." World Bank Economic Review 25 (3): 456-85.

De Nardi, Mariachristina, Eric French, John B. Jones. 2010. "Why Do the Elderly Save? The Role of Medical Expenses." Journal of Political Economy 118 (1): 39-75.

Disney, Richard and John Gathergood. 2012. "Financial Literacy and Consumer Credit Portfolios." University of Nottingham Centre for Finance and Credit Markets Working Paper 12/06.

Drexler, Alejandro, Greg Fischer, and Antoinette Schoar. 2010. "Keeping it Simple: Financial Literacy and Rules of Thumb." Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper 7994.

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